Cuba. El castrismo: una herencia económica catastrófica por Alberto Recarte

Análisis de Alberto Recarte político-económico de Cuba durante la dictadura de los Castro.


Destaco:


Estos precios, precios del mercado negro, no existen para las autoridades. De hecho, los responsables económicos no utilizan ningún sistema de precios para tomar decisiones económicas. Saben que los oficiales son ficticios. Las decisiones económicas se toman por los "planificadores" en función de las carencias; por ejemplo, la falta de carbón para poner en funcionamiento las centrales térmicas existentes, la falta de transportes para la población, la falta de camiones para mover mercancías, las faltas graves de alimentos, de medicinas, de camas de hospital o de quirófanos. Y, por supuesto, la falta de energía eléctrica. Los salarios, por su parte, se fijan para que la mayoría pueda pagar los mínimos suministros que se consiguen con la raquítica cartilla de racionamiento, con los que es imposible vivir. En eso consiste la política económica. En intentar resolver los cuellos de botella que se presentan y que nadie muera de hambre. El resto es un lujo. Lo es la alimentación no racionada, la vivienda, la electricidad, los libros, la atención hospitalaria, las medicinas, los coches y camiones, los carburantes, el vestido, el calzado...

(...)

Hay que reconocer que el régimen ha conseguido la aceptación, por parte de los organismos interesados en la economía cubana, de que sus estadísticas se hayan traducido a un nivel de renta per capita y a un PIB nacional comparable con los del resto de los países, lo cual es un error imperdonable. En Cuba no hay precios. Todo es tan falso como lo eran las estadísticas de Alemania Oriental, que parecía ser una economía avanzada antes de que la reunificación pusiera al descubierto su miseria. En Cuba solo hay tres o cuatro objetivos económicos medibles. Siempre cuantitativos, nunca valorables monetariamente.

(...)

Para explicar la supervivencia del régimen hay que tener en cuenta los factores políticos: la realidad de una tiranía bien organizada, que cuenta con el miedo, y con el terror continuo, para mantener mínimamente activos a todos los trabajadores cubanos.

(...)

Cuba es el país que más ayuda exterior ha recibido en el mundo, en términos absolutos y relativos, en estos 50 años. De la URSS, de los países del este europeo hasta su liberación y de Venezuela, desde que Chávez se hizo con el poder.

(...)

El factor clave, el que explica –como se ha expuesto anteriormente– que pueda mantenerse un régimen tan ineficiente económicamente, es el miedo. Los cubanos críticos con el sistema saben que si manifiestan sus opiniones tanto ellos como sus familiares perderán su trabajo, y que sus hijos serán discriminados en las escuelas y que no podrán estudiar en la universidad. Saben que tendrán que buscarse la vida en la economía informal o conseguir la ayuda de algún familiar que viva en el extranjero. Y si sus críticas suben de tono y se convierten en disidentes saben que ellos, y sus familias, serán golpeados aleatoriamente y encarcelados por tiempo indefinido.

Museo del Prado. El joven Rivera. 23.06.2011

Visitamos la exposición El joven Ribera, en el Museo del Prado. 30 cuadros de los primeros años de la carrera de José Ribera

Muy interesante, sobre todo viendo después sus cuadros posteriores, en su madurez. En los cuadros de la primera época, Ribera está buscando su estilo, son cuadros muy limpios, sin tanta riqueza de matices como su obra posterior.

Me he fijado especialmente en la representación de las manos de los hombres, siempre fuertes, curtidas, con uñas sucias. Manos con las que se trabaja.

Dejo un cuadro de esta exposición y otro de una época posterior, para que se pueda comparar.


El martitio de San Bartolomé (1617-1619)



El martirio de San Felipe (1639)

Human universals (Universales humanos) by Donald E. Brown


Human universals by Donald E. Brown:


  • abstraction in speech and thought
  • actions under self-control distinguished from those not under control
  • aesthetics
  • affection expressed and felt
  • age grades
  • age statuses
  • age terms
  • ambivalence
  • anthropomorphization
  • antonyms
  • baby talk
  • belief in supernatural/religion
  • beliefs, false
  • beliefs about death
  • beliefs about disease
  • beliefs about fortune and misfortune
  • binary cognitive distinctions
  • biological mother and social mother normally the same person
  • black (color term)
  • body adornment
  • childbirth customs
  • childcare
  • childhood fears
  • childhood fear of loud noises
  • childhood fear of strangers
  • choice making (choosing alternatives)
  • classification
  • classification of age
  • classification of behavioral propensities
  • classification of body parts
  • classification of colors
  • classification of fauna
  • classification of flora
  • classification of inner states
  • classification of kin
  • classification of sex
  • classification of space
  • classification of tools
  • classification of weather conditions
  • coalitions
  • collective identities
  • conflict
  • conflict, consultation to deal with
  • conflict, means of dealing with
  • conflict, meditation of
  • conjectural reasoning
  • containers
  • continua (ordering as cognitive pattern)
  • contrasting marked and nonmarked sememes (meaningful elements in language)
  • cooking
  • cooperation
  • cooperative labor
  • copulation normally conducted in privacy
  • corporate (perpetual statuses)
  • coyness display
  • crying
  • cultural variability
  • culture
  • culture/nature distinction
  • customary greetings
  • daily routines
  • dance
  • death rituals
  • decision making
  • decision making, collective
  • directions, giving of
  • discrepancies between speech, thought, and action
  • dispersed groups
  • distinguishing right and wrong
  • diurnality
  • divination
  • division of labor
  • division of labor by age
  • division of labor by sex
  • dreams
  • dream interpretation
  • economic inequalities
  • economic inequalities, consciousness of
  • emotions
  • empathy
  • entification (treating patterns and relations as things)
  • environment, adjustments to
  • envy
  • envy, symbolic means of coping with
  • ethnocentrism
  • etiquette
  • explanation
  • face (word for)
  • facial communication
  • facial expression of anger
  • facial expression of contempt
  • facial expression of disgust
  • facial expression of fear
  • facial expression of happiness
  • facial expression of sadness
  • facial expression of surprise
  • facial expressions, masking/modifying of
  • family (or household)
  • father and mother, separate kin terms for
  • fears
  • fears, ability to overcome some
  • feasting
  • females do more direct childcare
  • figurative speech
  • fire
  • folklore
  • food preferences
  • food sharing
  • future, attempts to predict
  • generosity admired
  • gestures
  • gift giving
  • good and bad distinguished
  • gossip
  • government
  • grammar
  • group living
  • groups that are not based on family
  • hairstyles
  • hand (word for)
  • healing the sick (or attempting to)
  • hospitality
  • hygienic care
  • identity, collective
  • incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed
  • incest, prevention or avoidance
  • in-group distinguished from out-group(s)
  • inheritance rules
  • insulting
  • intention
  • interest in bioforms (living things or things that resemble them)
  • interpreting behavior
  • intertwining (e.g., weaving)
  • jokes
  • kin, close distinguished from distant
  • kin groups
  • kin terms translatable by basic relations of procreation
  • kinship statuses
  • language
  • language employed to manipulate others
  • language employed to misinform or mislead
  • language is translatable
  • language not a simple reflection of reality
  • language, prestige from proficient use of
  • law (rights and obligations)
  • law (rules of membership)
  • leaders
  • lever
  • linguistic redundancy
  • logical notions
  • logical notion of “and”
  • logical notion of “equivalent”
  • logical notion of “not”
  • logical notion of “opposite”
  • logical notion of “part/whole”
  • logical notion of “same”
  • magic
  • magic to increase life
  • magic to sustain life
  • magic to win love
  • male and female and adult and child seen as having different *natures
  • males dominate public/political realm
  • males more aggressive
  • males more prone to lethal violence
  • males more prone to theft
  • manipulate social relations
  • marking at phonemic, syntactic, and lexical levels
  • marriage
  • materialism
  • meal times
  • meaning, most units of are non-universal
  • measuring
  • medicine
  • melody
  • memory
  • metaphor
  • metonym
  • mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances
  • morphenes
  • mother normally has consort during child-rearing years
  • mourning
  • murder proscribed
  • music
  • music, children’s
  • music related in part to dance
  • music related in part to religious activity
  • music seen as art (a creation)
  • music, vocal
  • music, vocal, includes speech forms
  • musical redundancy
  • musical repetition
  • musical variation
  • myths
  • narrative
  • nomenclature (perhaps the same as classification)
  • nonbodily decorative art
  • normal distinguished from abnormal states
  • nouns
  • numerals (counting)
  • Oedipus complex
  • oligarchy (de facto)
  • one (numeral)
  • onomatopoeia
  • oversestimating objectivity of thought
  • pain
  • past/present/future
  • person, concept of
  • personal names
  • phonemes
  • phonemes defined by sets of minimally contrasting features
  • phonemes, merging of
  • phonemes, range from 10 to 70 in number
  • phonemic changes, inevitability of
  • phonemic change, rules of
  • phonemic system
  • planning
  • planning for future
  • play
  • play to perfect skills
  • poetry/rhetoric
  • poetic line, uniform length range
  • poetic lines characterized by repetition and variation
  • poetic lines demarcated by pauses
  • polysemy (one word has several related meanings)
  • possessive, intimate
  • possessive, loose
  • practice to improve skills
  • preference for own children and close kin (nepotism)
  • prestige inequalities
  • private inner life
  • promise
  • pronouns
  • pronouns, minimum two numbers
  • pronouns, minimum three persons
  • proper names
  • property
  • psychological defence mechanisms
  • rape
  • rape proscribed
  • reciprocal exchanges (of labor, goods, or services)
  • reciprocity, negative (revenge, retaliation)
  • reciprocity, positive
  • recognition of individuals by face
  • redress of wrongs
  • rhythm
  • right-handedness as population norm
  • rites of passage
  • rituals
  • role and personality seen in dynamic interrelationship (i.e., *departures from role can be explained in terms of individual personality)
  • sanctions
  • sanctions for crimes against the collectivity
  • sanctions include removal from the social unit
  • self distinguished from other
  • self as neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous
  • self as subject and object
  • self is responsible
  • semantics
  • semantic category of affecting things and people
  • semantic category of dimension
  • semantic category of giving
  • semantic category of location
  • semantic category of motion
  • semantic category of speed
  • semantic category of other physical properties
  • semantic components
  • semantic components, generation
  • semantic components, sex
  • sememes, commonly used ones are short, infrequently used ones are longer
  • sense unified
  • sex (gender) terminology is fundamentally binary
  • sex statuses
  • sexual attraction
  • sexual attractiveness
  • sexual jealousy
  • sexual modesty
  • sexual regulation
  • sexual regulation includes incest prevention
  • sexuality as focus of interest
  • shelter
  • sickness and death seen as related
  • snakes, wariness around
  • social structure
  • socialization
  • socialization expected from senior kin
  • socialization includes toilet training
  • spear
  • special speech for special occasions
  • statuses and roles
  • statuses, ascribed and achieved
  • statuses distinguished from individuals
  • statuses on other then sex, age, or kinship bases
  • stop/nonstop contrasts (in speech sounds)
  • succession
  • sweets preferred
  • symbolism
  • symbolic speech
  • synonyms
  • taboos
  • tabooed foods
  • tabooed utterances
  • taxonomy
  • territoriality
  • time
  • time, cyclicity of
  • tools
  • tool dependency
  • tool making
  • tools for cutting
  • tools to make tools
  • tools patterned culturally
  • tools, permanent
  • tools for pounding
  • trade
  • triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two other people)
  • true and fake distinguished
  • turn-taking
  • two (numeral)
  • tying material (i.e., something like string)
  • units of time
  • verbs
  • violence, some forms proscribed
  • visiting
  • vocalic/nonvocalic contrasts in phonemes
  • vowel contrasts
  • weaning
  • weapons
  • weather control (attempts to)
  • white (color term)
  • world view
Añadidos desde 1989
  • anticipation
  • attachment
  • critical learning periods
  • differential valuations
  • dominance/submission
  • fairness (equity), concept of
  • fear of death
  • habituation
  • hope
  • husband older than wife on average
  • imagery
  • institutions (organized co-activities)
  • intention
  • interpolation
  • judging others
  • likes and dislikes
  • making comparisons
  • males, on average, travel greater distances over lifetime
  • males engage in more coalitional violence
  • mental maps
  • mentalese
  • moral sentiments
  • moral sentiments, limited effective range of
  • precedence, concept of (that’s how the leopard got its spots)
  • pretend play
  • pride
  • proverbs, sayings
  • proverbs, sayings–in mutually contradictory forms
  • resistance to abuse of power, to dominance
  • risk-taking
  • self-control
  • self-image, awareness of (concern for what others think)
  • self-image, wanted to be positive
  • sex differences in spatial cognition and behavior
  • shame
  • stinginess, disapproval of
  • sucking wounds
  • synesthetic metaphors
  • thumb sucking
  • tickling
  • toys, playthings